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Katz And Lazarsfeld Explored How Power Can Influence And...

Katz and Lazarsfeld explored how power can influence and impact one’s behavior. Elihu Katz and Paul Lazarsfeld connected to mass media to further develop the social influence theory in 1955. Carl Rogers theorized that his principles regarding Person-centered therapy could be applied in a variety of context and not just in the therapy situation. As a result, he started to use the term person-centered approach. (Rogers, 1959). Person-centered therapy (PCT) is the application of the person-centered approach that includes theories of personality, education, nursing, interpersonal relations, education, nursing, cross-cultural relations and other â€Å"helping† professions situations. (Rogers, 1959). The theory of person-centered therapy suggests any client, no matter what the problem, can improve without being taught anything specific by the therapist, once he/she accepts and respects themselves. (Shaffer, 1978). Katz and Lazarsfeld (1955) explored how power can influence and impact one’s behavior by connecting the mass media to further develop the social influence theory. The three distinct constructs of social influence which are conformity, compliance, and obedience. The construct of conformity as it relates to staff using physical restraints and it will be discussed in more detail in chapter. Also as it relates to Physical Restraints Use, conformity and social influence helps to explain the phenomenon of influence individuals have on one another. People are driven to theShow MoreRelatedUGT in the 21st Century14999 Words   |  60 Pagesof content that satisfy their social and psychological needs (Cantril, 1942). Much early effects research adopted the experimental or quasi-experimental approach, in which communication conditions were manipulated in search of general lessons about how better to communicate, or about the unintended consequences of messages (Klapper, 1960). Requests for reprints should be sent to Tom Ruggiero, Print Journalism, 102–B Cotton Memorial Communication Department, University of Texas, El Paso, TX 79968Read MoreAdvertising Discourse Analysis4128 Words   |  17 PagesMASTERS Communication and Advertising Mass Media effects on individuals and society The omnipotence of mass media 2 Media influence of society and individuals 3 Empirical studies on campaigns 4 Uses and Gratifications Theory 5 Broadcasting studies (the adaptation theory) 6 Studies on socialization 6 Studies on reception 7 Studies on the ideological effects 8 Theories of technological determinism 8 Spiral of silence theory 9 StudiesRead MoreUses and Gratification Research6727 Words   |  27 Pagescommunication perspective that examines on how individual use mass media for satisfy their life but not study on how media impact the audiences. (Papacharissi, Z., n.d.) It also emphasizes that motives, actions or an attitude is related to the media use and might change by individual or groups. When an audience actively seeks out for media, they are usually seeking for delight a need. An audience based on theoretical structure to select media and content that can satisfy their needs and desires. (PapacharissiRead MoreFamily Tree19118 Words   |  77 Pagesconverged in the field of development communication. Such convergence produced a rich analytical vocabulary but also conceptual confusion. The field has not experienced a unilinear evolution in which new approaches superseded and replaced previous ones. Instead, different theories and practices that originated in different disciplines have existed and have b een used simultaneously. This report identifies the main theoretical approaches and their practical applications, traces their origins, drawsRead MoreManagement Course: Mba−10 General Management215330 Words   |  862 PagesManagement Course: MBA−10 General Management California College for Health Sciences MBA Program McGraw-Hill/Irwin abc McGraw−Hill Primis ISBN: 0−390−58539−4 Text: Effective Behavior in Organizations, Seventh Edition Cohen Harvard Business Review Finance Articles The Power of Management Capital Feigenbaum−Feigenbaum International Management, Sixth Edition Hodgetts−Luthans−Doh Contemporary Management, Fourth Edition Jones−George Driving Shareholder Value Morin−Jarrell Leadership

Part Six Chapter II Free Essays

II The policewoman had been gentle and kind, in the cluttered cottage by the river, where dank water now covered blankets, chintzy chairs and worn rugs. The old lady who owned the place had brought a hot-water bottle and a cup of boiling tea, which Sukhvinder could not lift because she was shaking like a drill. She had disgorged chunks of information: her own name, and Krystal’s name, and the name of the dead little boy that they were loading onto an ambulance. We will write a custom essay sample on Part Six Chapter II or any similar topic only for you Order Now The dog-walker who had pulled her from the river was rather deaf; he gave a statement to the police in the next room, and Sukhvinder hated the sound of his bellowed account. He had tethered his dog to a tree outside the window, and it whined persistently. Then the police had called her parents and they had come, Parminder knocking over a table and smashing one of the old lady’s ornaments as she crossed the room with clean clothes in her arms. In the tiny bathroom, the deep dirty gash on Sukhvinder’s leg was revealed, peppering the fluffy bath mat with black spots, and when Parminder saw the wound she shrieked at Vikram, who was thanking everyone loudly in the hall, that they must take Sukhvinder to the hospital. She had vomited again in the car, and her mother, who was beside her in the back seat, had mopped her up, and all the way there Parminder and Vikram had kept up a flow of loud talk; her father kept repeating himself, saying things like ‘she’ll need a sedative’ and ‘that cut will definitely need stitches’; and Parminder, who was in the back seat with the shaking and retching Sukhvinder, kept saying, ‘You might have died. You might have died.’ It was as if she was still underwater. Sukhvinder was somewhere she could not breathe. She tried to cut through it all, to be heard. ‘Does Krystal know he’s dead?’ she asked through chattering teeth, and Parminder had to ask her to repeat the question several times. ‘I don’t know,’ she answered at last. ‘You might have died, Jolly.’ At the hospital, they made her undress again, but this time her mother was with her in the curtained cubicle, and she realized her mistake too late when she saw the expression of horror on Parminder’s face. ‘My God,’ she said, grabbing Sukhvinder’s forearm. ‘My God. What have you done to yourself?’ Sukhvinder had no words, so she allowed herself to subside into tears and uncontrollable shaking, and Vikram shouted at everyone, including Parminder, to leave her alone, but also to damn well hurry up, and that her cut needed cleaning and she needed stitches and sedatives and X-rays †¦ Later, they put her in a bed with a parent on each side of her, and both of them stroked her hands. She was warm and numb, and there was no pain in her leg any more. The sky beyond the windows was dark. ‘Howard Mollison’s had another heart attack,’ she heard her mother tell her father. ‘Miles wanted me to go to him.’ ‘Bloody nerve,’ said Vikram. To Sukhvinder’s drowsy surprise, they talked no more about Howard Mollison. They merely continued to stroke her hands until, shortly afterwards, she fell asleep. On the far side of the building, in a shabby blue room with plastic chairs and a fish tank in the corner, Miles and Samantha were sitting on either side of Shirley, waiting for news from theatre. Miles was still wearing his slippers. ‘I can’t believe Parminder Jawanda wouldn’t come,’ he said for the umpteenth time, his voice cracking. Samantha got up, moved past Shirley, and put her arms around Miles, kissing his thick hair, speckled with grey, breathing in his familiar smell. Shirley said, in a high, strangled voice, ‘I’m not surprised she wouldn’t come. I’m not surprised. Absolutely appalling.’ All she had left of her old life and her old certainties was attacking familiar targets. Shock had taken almost everything from her: she no longer knew what to believe, or even what to hope. The man in theatre was not the man she had thought she had married. If she could have returned to that happy place of certainty, before she had read that awful post †¦ Perhaps she ought to shut down the whole website. Take away the message boards in their entirety. She was afraid that the Ghost might come back, that he might say the awful thing again †¦ She wanted to go home, right now and disable the website; and while there, she could destroy the EpiPen once and for all †¦ He saw it †¦ I know he saw it †¦ But I’d never have done it, really. I wouldn’t have done it. I was upset. I’d never have done it †¦ What if Howard survived, and his first words were: ‘She ran out of the room when she saw me. She didn’t call an ambulance straight away. She was holding a big needle †¦Ã¢â‚¬â„¢ Then I’ll say his brain’s been affected, Shirley thought defiantly. And if he died †¦ Beside her, Samantha was hugging Miles. Shirley did not like it; she ought to be the centre of attention; it was her husband who was lying upstairs, fighting for his life. She had wanted to be like Mary Fairbrother, cosseted and admired, a tragic heroine. This was not how she had imagined it – ‘Shirley?’ Ruth Price, in her nurse’s uniform, had come hurrying into the room, her thin face forlorn with sympathy. ‘I just heard – I had to come – Shirley, how awful, I’m so sorry.’ ‘Ruth, dear,’ said Shirley, getting up, and allowing herself to be embraced. ‘That’s so kind. So kind.’ Shirley liked introducing her medical friend to Miles and Samantha, and receiving her pity and her kindness in front of them. It was a tiny taste of how she had imagined widowhood †¦ But then Ruth had to go back to work, and Shirley returned to her plastic chair and her uncomfortable thoughts. ‘He’ll be OK,’ Samantha was murmuring to Miles, as he rested his head on her shoulder. ‘I know he’ll pull through. He did last time.’ Shirley watched little neon-bright fish darting hither and thither in their tank. It was the past that she wished she could change; the future was a blank. ‘Has anyone phoned Mo?’ Miles asked after a while, wiping his eyes on the back of one hand, while the other gripped Samantha’s leg. ‘Mum, d’you want me to – ?’ ‘No,’ said Shirley sharply. ‘We’ll wait †¦ until we know.’ In the theatre upstairs, Howard Mollison’s body overflowed the edges of the operating table. His chest was wide open, revealing the ruins of Vikram Jawanda’s handiwork. Nineteen people laboured to repair the damage, while the machines to which Howard was connected made soft implacable noises, confirming that he continued to live. And far below, in the bowels of the hospital, Robbie Weedon’s body lay frozen and white in the morgue. Nobody had accompanied him to the hospital, and nobody had visited him in his metal drawer. How to cite Part Six Chapter II, Essay examples

Assessing Student Nurse in Planning Patient Care free essay sample

This assignment will focus on the holistic assessment and care plan of a patient who was cared for during practice placement. It aims to discuss how the care planning decisions were made and relate these decisions with the relevant literature. The setting was an emergency trauma and orthopaedic ward and the care plan was developed in order to meets the patient’s needs after 1 week admission. The care plan was compiled by the student nurse and his mentor and aimed to identify the patient’s needs and the necessary interventions to meet these needs. The Nursing and Midwifery Council (NMC) Code of Professional Conduct (2008) states that a person’s right to confidentiality must be respected, therefore pseudonyms will be used to refer to individuals and all personal information used within the care plan are fictitious. Also, consent was obtained from the people involved in this scenario. John Smith is fifty seven years old and was admitted after a fall and consequently left neck of femur fracture. He has undergone surgery to repair his fracture and was able to mobilize with full weight bearing a day after the procedure. However the post-op x-ray three days later has shown a crack fracture below the prosthesis and John was put on bed rest with 5lbs traction on his left leg for six weeks. John was born with cystic spina bifida, and has no motor sensation on his legs, however he was able to mobilise independently using elbow crutches before the surgery. In spina bifida, the spinal cord is damaged or not properly developed and as a result, there is always some paralysis and loss of sensation below the damaged region. The amount of disability depends very much on where the spina bifida is, and the amount of affected nerve tissue involved. Also, bladder and bowel problems occur in most people with spina bifida, as the nerves come from the bottom of the spinal cord, so are always below the lesion (ASBAH, 2010). John is expected to stay in the ward for at least another eight weeks and will be discharged home once he is able to mobilize again. The care plan was elaborated following the model developed by Roper, Logan, and Tierney in the 1970s, which is based on 12 activities of living and link the biological, social and psychological needs required for health (Kozier et at, 2008). This model is widely used on the ward and allows nursing staff to use a holistic approach when planning care. Alexander, Fawcett and Runciman (2007) say that with this model, nursing interventions are grounded in the prevention, resolution, and management of actual or potential problems related to the activities of living, which may be influenced by biological, psychological, socio-cultural, environmental, and politico-economic factors. The assessment using this model integrates the patient’s biographical and health data, thus providing information for both nurses beginning care and the Activities of Living data, which is focused on the patient’s abilities to carry out the activities of living and routines, along with current problems (Roper, Logan and Tierney, 1996). Together with the care plan, other nursing assessment tools were used to aid on the patient’s care. The Nutritional Screening and Prevention and Management of Pressure Ulcers was incorporated to John’s care plan and updated weekly. For the purpose of this assignment, two aspects of the care plan will be prioritised and the decisions made by the nurse when planning his care will be discussed in relation to theory. To identify and assess John’s needs it is necessary to adopt a person centred care approach when assessing him in order to deliver the appropriate care. Potter and Perry (2007) argue that assessment is vital to the nursing process, therefore this approach needs to be patient–centred and can be adapted in accordance with the patient’s needs. Ford and Mc Cormack (2000) argue that the person centred approach represents a development of healthcare services at which the needs of the patient overcome the needs of the professionals and organisations who meet these needs. Kozier et at (2008) consider nursing process as divided into assessment, diagnosis, planning, implementation and evaluation. Aggleton and Chalmers (2000) define nursing models as ways of representing the process, guiding nurses on what to assess and how to obtain information about the patient, as well as planning and delivering care. The development of John’s care plan was based on the Roper, Logan, and Tierney (1996) twelve activities of daily living. Walsh (1998) says that the use of models in nursing practice is a way to facilitate understanding as models are concerned with knowledge about nursing. Carper (1978) (cited in Basford and Slevin, 2003) identified four types of nursing knowledge: empirical, aesthetic, personal and ethical; which have been applied when on decision making process while elaborating the care plan. In order to make nursing decisions effectively it was crucial that actual and potential problems were identified. The model used assists nurses in identifying potential problems using the activities of living as reference. It is also possible to ascertain if these problems are a pattern in the patient’s life or if they are the actual/potential problem, and identify other factors that can influence the activities of life and have been identified before. On admission, John was assessed and his care needs defined following the fracture femur integrated care pathway which is a multidisciplinary document of care; the care plan used in this assignment was elaborated to meet his needs after the bed rest traction being implemented and incorporates data collected by an inter professional team. With the decision to use skin traction as treatment for John’s new fracture the multidisciplinary rehabilitation process which would start just after the surgery has been put on hold and new care plan developed. John potential risk for developing pressure ulcer and his elimination needs will be discussed in depth in this assignment as they are considered the main problems, however, it is important to highlight that all problems identified within the care plan needs to be addressed. Skin integrity is an important subject when caring for patients who are at bed rest and with skin traction. According with Walsh and Crumbie (2007) skin breakdown is a commonly complication of skin traction and immobility. Although the surgical wound was healing nice, John was in risk of develop pressure sore while on traction due factor such as immobility and incontinence. The goal is to keep the skin integrity and avoid further complication. Brooker and Nicol (2003) say that pressure ulcers are preventable and an ongoing assessment and implementation of a holistic plan of prevention can reduce their frequency and distress they cause to patients. It is responsibility of nurses to identify patients that are at risk of developing pressure ulcers (Alexander, Fawcett and Runciman, 2007). The use of Waterlow Pressure Sore Prevention Tool as a complement to the assessment has aid in the assessment of activities of living such as eating, drinking, mobilizing and eliminating based on the patient’s actual condition, and therefore helping in the recognition of the risks of pressure ulcer development. John was identified as being at moderated risk of develop pressure ulcer and a pressure relief mattress was provided as it alternately applies and then removes pressure to areas of the body and is suitable for patients with medium to high risk of developing pressure ulcer. John was able to move himself in bed and the nurses have explained the importance of positioning. He was encouraged to move during day the at least once every 2 hours by a member of the nursing staff. Although John was able to maintain an adequate BMI and has good diet and fluid intake, the Malnutrition Universal Screening Tool (MUST) was incorporated to his care plan and so any weight loss could be monitored as weight loss reduces the subcutaneous fat, eliminating some of the padding between the skin and underlying bony prominences, increasing the susceptibility to pressure ulcers (Carpernito-Moyet, 2004). Skin inspection of back and bottom is necessary every time personal care was provided; also because John does not have lower motor sensation was a necessary regular check on his right heel and leg. Whiteing (2008) advises that skin traction should be removed at least daily for limb washing and skin inspection and pressure area care is essential every two hours. He also suggests that neurovascular assessment should be carried out regularly and that the patient will require general nursing care and physiotherapy to prevent deep vein thrombosis (DVT), chest infection, muscle wasting or foot drop. Elimination was a problem for John and the fact that he could be incontinent of faeces and urine at time also contributes to the risks of developing pressure sore. Constipation is a problem that John has encountered during his whole life due the spina bifida. At home it has been well controlled taking lactulose and senna tablets daily, however being immobile would make it even worse. Lack of exercise reduces peristalsis due to reduced muscle tone of the bowel and abdominal muscles, resulting in fluid absorption and constipation (Brooker and Nicol, 2003). Therefore the nurses should pay attention to the fluid and diet requirements of the patient. Walsh and Crumbie (2007) state that it is important to maintain the fluid intake goal of 2-3 litres daily, also the patient needs to be encouraged to eat a high fibre diet and fruits. The use of medication such as laxatives and osmotic agents also play an important role in the management of constipation on patients who are in the same situation as John. Immobility also can lead to urinary retention and infection (Walsh and Crumbie, 2007), consequently the optimum fluid intake would help to avoid these complications as good hydration reduces the blood coagulability, liquefies secretions, inhibits stone formation and promotes glomerular filtration of body wastes (Carpenito-Moyet, 2004). John has been seeing by the incontinence nursing team in community and finds easy to manage his urinary incontinence using conveen and pads as required. He is able to apply the conveen himself, so the nursing staff needs to make sure that the bag is emptied regularly. Also, it is necessary to ensure that John has clean and dry pads. Potter and Perry (2007) suggest that planning needs is to set priorities for the patient’s care. Goals need to be realistic and based on patient’s needs and resources in order to be achievable. Although care plans enhances the continuity of nursing care by listing specific nursing action to achieve the goals, very often some goals are not achievable in hospital setting due factors such as staff shortness and lack of resources. In conclusion, to write a holistic and realistic nursing care plan is a great commitment. Even though the care plan aims to cover a wide number of different aspects of care, it was felt that some areas can be missed or omitted. For sure it needs to involve the patient in a holistic way and be centred care but it is necessary to define realistic and achievable goals with the setting where the care plan is being applied. Although two problems have been discussed in depth within this assignment, a number of other potential problems have been indentified on John care plan which are directly or indirectly related with the problems discussed and failing in address these other problems clearly would affect the outcomes of the main problems.